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【语法专项复习】
在英语句子中，不同时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，要使用不同的动词形式，这一点和
汉语不同，这种谓语动词的变化形式，称之为时态。现将本学期我们所学的时态总结如下，
包括：现在完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成时，将来进行时，过去将来时等。
一、现在完成时
1.动词形式
现在完成时由助动词 have (has) + 动词过去分词构成。
2.现在完成时的基本用法
1)表示过去某时所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响。动作已经完成，但从结果看，又着眼 于现在。现在完成时不能和表示具体的过去时间的状语 (如
yesterday, last year, in 1999 等) 连用， 而常和以下表示不确定时间的状语连用： already, before,
recently, never, often, lately, yet, sometimes, twice, this week (month,
morning, year 等),ever, today, once 等等。 Phillip has lost all his money.
(菲利浦失去了他所的钱。) I haven't heard from my parents recently. (最近我没有收到父母的来信。) Joan
hasn't finished reading my essay yet. (琼还没读完我的论文。) Have you had your supper yet?
(你吃过晚饭了吗?) I have never seen such a moving film. (我从来没看过这么有趣的电影。) I've had
enough now. (我已经吃[或喝]够了。)
2)表示动作或状态开始于过去某一时间，持续到现在，并且有延续下去的趋势。常和表示 一段时间的状语连用：since, for a long time,
up till now, up to now, so far, for the past (last) few years, these days
(months, years)等。 Bogart has worked here for about five years. (布加特已在这儿工作五年了。)
Up till now, Grace has received no news from her parents. (迄今为止，格雷丝尚未收到父母的 消息。)
Nancy has been away for four years. (兰西已经离开四年了。)
3)在时间状语和条件状语从句中，现在完成时表示将要完成的动作。 I'll start as soon as the rain has stopped.
(雨一停，我就出发。) I'll go and see my girl friend when I have finished writing this
book. (写完这本书之后，我就去 看我的女朋友。) When I have studied the book I'll write a report on
it. (我研读完这本书之后，将写一个关于它 的报告。)
4)现在完成时常用于下列句型：
(1)It has been (is) + 一段时间 + since…
It has been/is five years since he lived in Beijing. (他不住在北京已经五年了。) 注意比较：
It has been/is five years since he has lived in Beijing. (他住在北京已经五年了。)
(2)It is (will be) the first (second…)time (day …)… that… It is the first
time I've been here. (我是第一次来这儿。) It is the best film I've ever seen.
(这是我看过的最好的一部电影。)
注： 1)表示“到哪里去过”要用 have (has) been to， 表示“去什么地方了， 尚未回来”用 have(has) gone to。 I
have been to Paris several times. (我去过巴黎好几次。) (人已回来了) Mary has gone to New York.
(玛丽到纽约去了。) (玛丽人在去纽约的路上或在纽约)
2)瞬间动词用于完成时态时不能跟表示一段时间的状语。 例如， 我们要表达“他的父亲去世 好几年了。 ”不能说： grandfather has
died for several years.而应该说： father grandfather His His has bee dead for several
years.或者：His grandfather died several years ago.或者：It is/ has been several years
since his grandfather died. 再如，我们不能用 He has joined the army for three
years.来表达“他参军三年了。”而应说： He has been in the army for three years.或者：He has been a
soldier for three years.或者：He joined the army three years ago.也可以说 It is/ has
been three years since he joined the army. 二、现在完成进行时 1.动词形式 现在完成进行时由 have (has)
+ been + 现在分词构成。
2.现在完成进行时的基本用法：
1)表示动作从过去某时开始一直延续到现在，没有中断。 Grace has been waiting for me for half an hour.
(格雷丝已经等我半小时了。) (动作尚在继续) The satellite has been sending back signals as well as
photographs ever since. (自那时起卫星一 直不断地向地球发回信号和照片。) (动作尚在继续) Aaron has been
teaching English ever since graduation. (毕业以后，艾伦一直在教英语。) (还 在教)
2)表示动作从过去到现在一直不断重复、断断续续。 I have been saying good-bye to my colleagues these
days. (这些天我一直在向我的同事们告 别。) My parents have been telling me to work hard since I
went to school. (自从我上学之后， 我的父 母亲不停地告诫我要好好学习。)
注：状态动词一般不用于现在完成进行时。若要表示动作的延续性，只能用现在完成时。
3.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性，而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响。 I have thought it over.
(我已经仔细考虑过这件事了。) I have been thinking it over. (我一直在反复考虑这件事。)
2)现在完成进行时比现在完成时更具感情色彩。 I have been waiting for you for two hours.
(我已经等你两小时了。) (有责备的口气) I have waited for you two hours. (我已经等你两个小时了。) (说明一个客观事实)
三、过去完成时 1.动词形式 过去完成时由 had + 过去分词构成
2.过去完成时的用法
1)表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生、完成的动作或存在的状态。 I had worked as a worker for five years
before I became a teacher. (在我成为教师之前， 我已经 当了五年的工人。) By the end of last year, I
had already learnt 5,000 English words. (到去年年底，我已学会了 5,000 个英文单词。)
2)动词的过去完成时可以用于表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事，常用的动词有：intend, hope, want, mean, suppose,
expect, think 等。 I had intended to meet you at the airport, but someone came to
see me just when I was about to leave. (我本来要到机场去接你的，可在我出门时有人来看我。)
I had wanted to lend you some money, but you didn't ask. (我本打算借你一些钱的，但你没开
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