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核心单词
1. common adj. 共同的，普遍的;常见的
常用结构：
in common共有，公用(在句中多作状语)
have nothing/little/a lot/something in common
(with) sb.与某人没有/许多/有些共同之处
in common with 和……一样
common sense/knowledge 常识
common welfare 公共福利
辨析 common/ordinary/usual/normal
common 指“共有的，公共的;共同的;常见的”。反义词为rare。 common作“普通的”讲时可与ordinary换用。如“普通人”也可以说成common people。 ordinary 意为“普通的，平淡无奇的”，指没有什么特别的地方。 usual 意为“平常的，通常的，一向的”，含惯例之意。 normal 意为“正常的”。
常见例句： Jane and I have nothing in common.
=I have nothing in common with Jane. 我与简毫无共同之处。
The problems are common toall societies. 这些问题是所有社会的通病。 In common with many young people, he prefers pop songs.和许多年轻人一样，他喜欢流行歌曲。
He is in ordinary clothes. 他穿着平常的衣服。 We meet every day at the usual place.我们每天在往常那个地方见面。
单项填空 Harry visited the bookstore every week. He became such a customer that the bookseller gave him some books as presents. A.common B. normal
C. usual D. average
解析：选C。
由“Harry visited the bookstore every week”可知，他是常客，含有“习惯，惯例”之意，故选C。
2. signal n. 信号;手势;声音;暗号 v. 发信号;用信号传达;用信号与……通讯
A red light is usually a signal for/of danger.红灯通常是危险的信号。 He signaled (to) the waiter to bring the menu.他示意服务员把菜单拿过来。
常用结构： signal to sb./sth. for sth. 用信号传达(某信息);用信号与(某人)通讯 signal with ...用……发信号
翻译句子 ①铁路的红信号灯亮了，所以火车停下了。①The railway signal was on red, so the train stopped.
②他用红旗传达信号。
②He was signalling with a red flag.
3. sum n. 金额; 款项; 总数; 算术题
常用结构： in sum简言之; 总而言之 sum up/sum sth. Up总结;概括
He was fined the sum of 200$. 他被处以200美元的罚金。 The sum of 5 and 3 is 8. 5加3的和是8。 To sum up, there are three main ways of solving the problem.概括起来说，这个问题主要有三种解决办法。
4. arise vi. (arose, arisen)
出现，发生;起床，起身
常用结构：
arise from由……引起;由……产生; 从...中产生
arise out of由……引起;由……产生; 从...中产生
Before they could start a mist arose.在他们动身前, 起了雾。
Smoke arose from the chimney.烟从烟筒冒出来。
How did this quarrel arise?这场争吵是由于何种原因引起的?
A new difficulty has arisen.出现了新的困难。
Accidents arise from carelessness.疏忽大意往往会引起事故的发生。
He arose at dawn.他黎明即起。
翻译句子 ①夜间起风暴了。
① A storm arose during the night. ②由于缺乏交流而产生了问题。
② Problems have arisen out of the lack of communication.
5. anyhow adv.(也作anyway)不管怎样，无论如何;反正;即使如此
拓展 somehow adv. 以某种方式, 用某种方法;不知怎么地 somewhat adv.有点，稍微
He told me not to buy it, but I bought it anyhow.他告诉我不要买它，但不管怎样，我还是买了。
It may snow, but anyhow I will go to the town.可能要下雪,但无论如何我都要进城。
We must get the work finished somehow by tomorrow morning.我们必须设法在明天早上以前把工作做完。
Somehow we lost our way.不知怎么地我们迷路了。 My jacket is somewhat like yours.我的夹克与你那件有点相似。
(1)单项填空 —You don’t seem to be quite yourself today. What’s wrong? —Oh, I’m suffering from a cold. Nothing serious, .
A. yet B. indeed C. anyhow D. though (2)完成句子
①我对这个工作有点厌倦了。 I am tired of this work. ②不知怎么地,他害怕她。 he was afraid of her. ③他无论如何也不能使她信服。 He couldn’t convince her .
解析： (1) 选D。此处表达“转折”，意思是“然而”。 (2)①somewhat ②Somehow ③anyhow
6. personally adv. 就个人而言;亲自
拓展 personally意为“就个人而言”时的同义短语： in my opinion as far as I’m concerned in my view for my part as far as I can see from my point of view for my perspective The owner of the hotel welcomed us personally. 这家旅馆的主人亲自接待了我们。 Personally (speaking), I think he is a very good man, but you may not agree. 就个人而言, 我认为他是个很好的人, 但也许你不这么认为。
完成句子 ①She said she didn’t like Tom, but(就个人而言), I thought he was an honest boy, though sometimes careless. ②(幸好), the planes appear to be quite safe. ③(自然地)，their ideas are important to everyone in the country. ④ (高兴的是) for him, his stepmother was kind to him. ⑤(出人意料的), he failed the exam.
答案：
①personally ②Luckily/Fortunately ③Naturally ④Happily
⑤Surprisingly
7. goal n. 球门;(进球)得分;目标;目的
常用结构： score/kick a goal踢进一球;得一分 keep goal守球门 life goal/one’s goal in life生活目标 achieve/realize one’s goal 实现目标
He headed the ball into an open goal. 他乘虚把球顶入球门
We won by three goals to one.我们以三比一获胜。
You’d better set a goal before you start.开始前，你最好设定一个目标。
翻译句子 ①他已经实现了他的目标。 ②我的人生目标是帮助他人。答案：①He has achieved his goal. ②My goal in life is to help others.
重点短语
8. in a way在某种程度上(表示对情况的态度)
拓展
in a way=in one way=in some ways
in the way 挡道;造成阻碍
in one way 在某方面
in some ways 在某些方面
in no way 决不，无论如何都不(位于句首时构成倒装)
on one's way to在去……的路上
by the way顺便说一下
in any way在任何方面
in every way在各方面
give way (to sb./sth.)屈服;让步
lose one's way 迷路
(there is) no way 不可能;没门
by way of 经过;经由
in the way和in one’s way两个短语含义相同，都含“挡住去路;碍事”之意。 In a way, it’s kind of nice to be studying alone.在某种程度上讲，独自一个人学习相当不错。
单项填空 I can’t see the word on the blackboard. Your head is . A. on the way B. in a way C. by the way D. in the way解析：选D。in the way和in one’s way均表示“挡住去路;碍事”之意。故D项符合句意。
9. go by经过;(时间)过去;依照，靠……判断拓展 go against违背;对……不利 go without勉强维持，凑合;没有……而将就 go in for爱好;参加;从事 go over复习;仔细审查 go ahead进行;发生;(尤指经某人允许)开始做 go through通过;经历，经受;查看，调查 go out出去;熄灭 go off离开，出发;爆发，突然响起;停止;熄灭 go up上升 go down下降 He went by his teacher without even a greeting.他从老师身边经过时连声招呼也没打。 As time went by/With time going by, he has changed a lot.随着时光流逝，他已经改变了许多。 Don’t go by that old map—it has been out of date.别参照那张旧地图，它已经过时了。 You can’t always go by appearances.你不能总是凭外表来判断。
用方框内所给短语的适当形式填空 go in for/go off/go through/go without ①The new law did not . ②I am an entrance examination next year. ③There’s no money for a holiday this year; we’ll just have to . ④He didn’t wake up even though the alarm .答案：①go through ②going in for ③go without ④went off
10. as a result结果，因此
拓展 as a result of 由于……;作为……的结果 as a consequence 结果 in consequence 结果 in consequence of 由于 result from由……引起;由于(意思等同于lie in) result in结果;导致(意思等同于lead to) He made a big mistake, and, as a result, lost his job. 他犯了个大错，结果丢了工作。 He didn’t pass the exam as a result of his carelessness.他由于粗心而没有通过考试。 His success results from his hard work. 他的成功源于自身的努力。 Acting before thinking always results in failure. 做事之前不加考虑总会导致失败。
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