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For thousands of years,
people have tried to control water by building dams. Dams allow people to collect
and store water for use at home, in industry, and in agriculture. For example, when
people build a dam on a river, a reservoir(水库) collects water that can be channelled for human needs. In addition,
the ability of dams to control water flow helps prevent floods. Dams can also be
used to make electricity.
As
the human population grows, the need for water and electricity increases. So many
new dams have been built in the past 50 years. Today, nearly half of the rivers
in the world have at least one large dam. If managed well, dams can be a great benefit
to people. Some dams, however, may do more harm than good.
All
dams cause changes in river ecosystem that has an impact on surrounding land and
people. As river water collects behind a large dam, it may back up and form a large
lake, flooding land and killing plants and animals. People living on land upstream
of a dam may be forced to abandon their homes. Below the dam, water flow decreases.
This changes the downstream ecosystem. Plants and animals may not have enough water.
Some types of fish may be unable to move upstream to reproduce. Rare species of
plants and animals may become endangered. Farmers living downstream from the dam
may not be able to grow crops. People who fish for a living may have to find other
work.
An
independent organization called World Commission on Dams worked during the late
1990s to suggest ways of reducing problems caused by some large dams. The commission
recommended that the research, the group decision-making, and the creation of a
plan all take place before the start of construction of a large dam. For a plan
to be successful, it would need to demonstrate that the dam would contribute to
the long-term improvement of human life. The likely impact of the dam on local people
and the environment would be assessed and considered in the decision-making process.
