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As Artificial Intelligence(AI) becomes increasingly
sophisticated(复杂的), there are growing concerns that robots could become
a threat. This danger can be avoided, according to computer science Professor Stuart
Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.
Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated
tasks, it's necessary to translate our morals into AI language.
For example, if a robot does chores around the
house, you wouldn't want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the
hungry children. "You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values,"
said Russell.
Some robots are already programmed with basic human
values. For example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance
from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences, but if you were talking to
another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldn't think
that's the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.
It will be possible to create more sophisticated
moral machines, if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.
Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns
from large sets of data on human behaviour. They are dangerous only if programmers
are careless.
The biggest concern with robots going against human
values is that human beings fail to so sufficient testing and they've produced a
system that will break some kind of taboos(禁忌).
One simple check would be to program a robot to
check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.
If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable
for the microwave, it has the opportunity to stop, send out beeps(嘟嘟声), and ask for directions from a human. If we humans aren't quite sure
about a decision, we go and ask somebody else.
The most difficult step in programming values will
be deciding exactly what we believe in moral, and how to create a set of ethical
rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for humanity.
（1）How do robots learn human values?
A . By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.
B . By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.
C . By picking up patterns from massive data on human behaviour.
D . By imitating the behaviour of property brought-up human beings.
（2）What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation?
A . keep a distance from possible dangers.
B . Stop to seek advice from a human being.
C . Trigger its built-in alarm system at once.
D . Do sufficient testing before taking action.
（3）What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?
A . Determine what is moral and ethical.
B . Design some large-scale experiments.
C . Set rules for man-machine interaction.
D . Develop a more sophisticated program.
