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13．Many years ago in a small German town，a Jewish businessman had the misfortune of owing a large sum of money to a moneylender．The moneylender，who was old and ugly，fancied the businessman's beautiful daughter．So he proposed a bargain．
The moneylender told them that he would put a black pebble and a white pebble into an empty bag．The girl would then have a pick one pebble from the bag．If she picked the black pebble，she would become the moneylender's wife and he would forgo her father's debt．If she picked the white pebble，she need not marry him and her father's debt would still be forgiven．But if she refused to pick a pebble，her father would be thrown into jail．
They were standing on a pebble-strewn path．As they talked，the moneylender bent over to pick up two pebbles．The sharp-eyed girl noticed that he had picked up two black pebbles and put them into the bag．He then asked the girl to pick a pebble from the bag．No doubt she was caught in a dilemma．
What would you have done if you were the girl？Careful analysis would produce three possibilities：
1．The girl should refuse to take a pebble．
2．The girl should know that there were two black pebbles in the bag and expose （揭露） the moneylender as a cheat．
3．The girl should pick a black pebble and sacrifice herself in order to save her father from his debt and imprisonment．
The above story is used with the hope that it will make us appreciate the difference between lateral （横向的） and logical thinking．
Read on．
The girl put her hand into the bag and drew out a pebble．Without looking at it，she fumbled and let it fall onto the pebble-strewn path where it immediately became lost among all the other pebbles．"Oh，how clumsy of me!"she said．"But never mind．If you look into the bag for the one that is left，you'll be able to tell which pebble I picked．"Since the remaining pebble was black，it must be assumed that she had picked the white one．And since the moneylender dared not admit his dishonesty，the girl changed what seemed a terrible situation into an extremely advantageous one．
55．The underlined word"forgo"in Paragraph 2may mean"B"．
A．pay off B．give up C．take over D．run out
56．Which of the following indicates lateral thinking？D．
A．The girl exposed the cheat and found another way．
B．The girl picked a black pebble and accepted the result．
C．The girl refused to take a pebble and fled at once．
D．The girl picked one pebble and made it disappear．
57．It can be inferred from the passage thatC．
A．The girl dropped the pebble onto the path by accident．
B．The girl didn't know there were two black pebbled in the bag．
C．The girl dropped the pebble onto the path on purpose．
D．The girl replaced a black pebble in the bag．
58．What lesson can we learn form the story？A．
A．Thinking about a complicated problem in another way．
B．Coming up with a clever answer is easy．
C．Keeping calm when facing a difficult situation．
D．Thinking twice before making a final choice． 试题答案
分析 文章中的女孩用不同于平常的方法，机智地使自己免于进退两难的境地，由此我们可以学到的是，在遇到复杂问题时，我们可以换一种角度或方法去思考．
解答 55-58．BDCA
55题答案：B词义猜测题．由画线词所在句的下一句中的"her father's debt would still be forgiven"（她父亲的债务还是会被原谅）．可知，此处是指他会"免除"她父亲的债．forgo与give up意思相近，选D．
56题答案：D推理判断题．文章第四段给出了三种可能性，这三种都属于logical thinking（逻辑思考），接下来一段说这个故事会让我们体会到logical thinking与lateral thinking（横向思考）的不同，而故事的发展有别于之前的可能性，故"那个女孩挑了一个卵石并让它不见了"应该是属于lateral thinking，选C．
57题答案：C推理判断题．由文中的"The sharp-eyed girl noticed that he had picked up two black pebbles and put them into the bag．"（尖眼睛的女孩注意到他挑选了两个黑色的卵石并且把它们放进包里）．可知，女孩儿知道袋子里装的是两个黑色的卵石，所以她应该是故意弄丢她拿到的那个，这样她才能赢，故A项正确．
58题答案：A推理判断题．文章中女孩用不同于平常的方法，机智地使自己免于进退两难的境地，由此我们可以学到的是，在遇到复杂问题时，我们可以换一种角度或方法去思考，故B项切题．
点评 本文是一篇科教类阅读，题目涉及多道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对 性找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案．推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案．
Tu Youyou together with William Campbell and Satoshi Omura won the 2015 Nobel Prize for their work against parasitic diseases. Irish-born Campbell and Japanese Omura won half of the prize for discovering a new drug, avermectin, that has helped the battle against river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, as well as showing effectiveness against other parasitic diseases. The Chinese scientist Tu Youyou, an 85-year-old female scientist, was awarded the other half of the prize for the discovery of artemisinin(青篙素), a drug cure for malaria(疟疾) that has saved millions of lives all over the world, especially in the developing world.
When the news broke that Tu won the Nobel Prize, there were cheers as well as doubts. It also has highlighted differences in prize-awarding practices between China and the West. Some said the achievement was the result of collective efforts by lots of Chinese scientists, so it was unfair to award the prize only to Tu. Indeed, Chinese science awards are mainly presented to projects, instead of individual scientists. But Western awards tend to honor individual scientists who are the first to come up with a new idea or method. Li Zhenzhen, a researcher of the China Academy of Sciences said that the West believes that the advancement of science comes from individuals’ creative minds.
In 1969, Tu started to hold a government project aimed at eliminating malaria. Tu and her teammates experimented with 380 extracts in 2,000 candidate recipes before they finally succeeded in getting the pure substance qinghaosu, later known as artemisinin. In 2011, Tu was awarded the Lasker Debakey Clinical Medical Research Award, commonly referred to as “America’s Nobel Prize”. (278 words)
1.Why Tu Youyou could be awarded the Nobel Prize for ?
A. Because she discovered the avermectin, a drug cure for malaria
B. Because she contributed to the traditional Chinese medicine
C. Because she discovered the artemisinin which shows effectiveness against other parasitic diseases
D. Because she has saved millions of lives for the discovery of artemisinin.
2.What is the difference in prize-awarding practices between China and the West?
A. Chinese science awards are mainly presented to individual scientists, instead of projects
B. Chinese believes that the advancement of science comes from individuals’ creative minds
C. Western awards tend to honor individual scientists who are the first to come up with a new idea or method
D. Western awards are presented to both individual scientists and projects
3.How old was Tu Youyou when she was awarded the “America’s Nobel Prize”.
A. 85 B. 81 C. 46 D. 39
4.What is the best title of the passage?
A. Why Tu Youyou could be awarded the 2015 Nobel prize
B. Why Tu received the “America’s Nobel Prize”.
C. Tu Youyou won the 2015 Nobel Prize for the discovery of artemisinin
D. The difference in prize-awarding practices between China and the West
